By James M. Dorsey
Never missing an opportunity to shoot itself in the foot, 2022 World Cup-host Qatar has adopted a new law that is more likely to convince critics that it aims to put a friendly face on its controversial kafala or sponsorship system rather than radically reform a legal framework that trade unions and human rights activists have dubbed modern slavery.
Qatar has been under pressure since winning in 2010 hosting rights for the 2022 World Cup to radically reform, if not abolish the sponsorship system that puts workers at the mercy of their employer. Requirements that employees obtain permission from their employer to switch jobs or travel abroad were among the main provisions of the sponsorship system targeted by activists.
The new law streamlines procedures but does not fundamentally change them. Under the new law, that although signed by Qatar’s ruler, Emir Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad Al-Thani, only takes effect a year from publication in the Gulf state’s official gazette, employees can seek new employment once their labour contract has expired rather than at any given point.
The law abolishes the requirement that employees leave the country for two years before seeking new employment in Qatar if an employer refuses to grant a no objection certificate. Employees that want to switch jobs before the termination of their labour contract would still need to obtain permission from their sponsors as well as the ministries of interior and labour. Employees with open-ended contracts would only be allowed to switch jobs after having served five years.
The law inserts the state into the procedure to obtain an exit visa by obliging employees to inform the interior ministry three days before their planned departure. The ministry rather than the employee would then obtain the employer’s consent. The law also grants employees the right to appeal if the employer refuses permission.
Qatar earlier adopted a law that comes into effect next week that obliges employers to pay salaries and wages by bank transfer to ensure on-time payment of workers.
Qatar’s labour system is a focal point of widespread criticism of the awarding of the 2022 World Cup to the Gulf state by world soccer body FIFA. The awarding despite Qatar’s slow and disappointing moves to reform its labour system has already sparked change that has so far failed to convince critics of the Gulf state’s sincerity in the absence of measures that amount to more than a streamlining of the existing framework.
In response to criticism, Qatar has, in contrast to other Gulf states who bar entry to foreign activists and imprison local critics, engaged with international trade unions and human rights groups. Several Qatari institutions, including the 2022 Supreme Committee for Delivery & Legacy, Qatar Foundation and Qatar Rail developed in consultation with organizations like Amnesty International and Human Rights standards that significantly improve the working and living conditions of migrant workers who constitute a majority of Qatar’s population. Activists had expected those standards to be enshrined in law.
Perceptions that Qatar is not serious about fundamental reform of its labour system are reinforced by opposition to change by many Qataris who fear that they as a minority in their own country will see their culture diluted and lose control of their society.
Opposition has expressed itself in, for example, demands for greater segregation of migrant workers who largely leave their families behind to seek employment in Qatar. Doha’s Central Municipal Council (CMC) recently called on the government to enforce more strictly a five-year old ban on blue-collar workers living in neighbourhoods populated primarily by families.
CMC member Fatima Ahmed Al Jaham Al Kuwari told the Doha News that male workers had stood outside of their homes in transparent undergarments, and that some women had complained that they were being watched from building windows while they held private parties in their yards. Ms. Al Kuwari asserted that migrant workers harmed the infrastructure and increased pressure on local electricity grids.
Ms. Al Kuwari demanded that measures be taken to ensure that landlords and their tenants respect the “customs and traditions of the Qatari society.”
Writing in The Peninsula, an English-language Qatari daily, journalist Rashed Al Audah Al Fadeh charged that “these bachelor workers are threatening the privacy and comfort of families, spreading like a deadly epidemic that eats through our social fabric.”
Ms. Al Kuwari and Mr. Al Fadeh were not only highlighting widespread concern among Qataris but also the fact that the government is caught between a rock and a hard place. International pressure coupled with the fallout of the FIFA corruption scandal that has increased the spotlight on Qatar demands that Qatar respond quickly and forcefully to labour criticism. Domestic opposition forces the government to move gingerly.
The government so far has manoeuvred that field of tension poorly. Critics charge that it could have taken steps like a stark rather than a gradual increase of the number of labour inspectors to enforce existing rules and regulations that would have conveyed sincerity while at the same time reassuring Qataris.
One reason Qatar has been reluctant to abolish the exit visa is the fact that the Gulf state has few extradition treaties with other countries. As a result, businessmen who hire foreigners to operate their businesses and give senior managers access to company bank accounts fear that a manager could empty and account and skip the country.
Critics suggest that the government could have addressed that concern by offering businesses guarantees modelled on the Federal Deposit Insurance Company (FDIC) in the United States that guarantees bank deposits up to a certain amount.
In a first response to the new labour law, International Trade Union Confederation general secretary Sharan Burrow charged that it added a new layer of repression for migrant workers. “Promises of reform have been used as a smokescreen to draw in companies and governments to do business in Qatar as the government rolls out massive infrastructure developments to host the 2022 FIFA World Cup,” Ms. Burrow said.
James M. Dorsey is a senior fellow at the S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies, co-director of the University of Würzburg’s Institute for Fan Culture, and the author of The Turbulent World of Middle East Soccer blog and a forthcoming book with the same title.
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